I-Android iwuhlelo olusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba isibalo samadivayisi eselula anaso sidlula amakhompyutha ane-Windows, olunye uhlelo olusetshenziswa kakhulu. Nokho, naphezu kwalokho, akakaziwa abantu abaningi. Abanye abazi nokuthi i-Linux kernel ifihliwe ngemuva kwe-Android, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi i-GNU/Linux distro evela kwaGoogle, njll. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi abaningi banephutha ngakho futhi kulesi sihloko uzothola yini i-android nokuthi yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ethathe "izinto" kuzo.
Ngalesi sihloko siya phikisa ezinye izinganekwane ekhona ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Google, kanye nokubona ukuthi yini eyihlukanisa ne-Linux noma ukuthi ifana kanjani ne-Linux, uphetha ngempendulo obuyifuna ngenkathi ufunda lesi sihloko...
Ingabe i-Android i-distro?
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ophikiswana ngawo kwamanye amasayithi afana ne-Reddit, kufanele kucace kuqala yini i-linux nalokho abantu abaningi ababhekisela kukho ngegama elithi Linux:
- Linux: i-kernel, ingqikithi, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesistimu yokusebenza, kodwa hhayi isistimu yokusebenza ephelele. Le ngxenye inesibopho sokuphatha izinsiza ze-Hardware, ngoba isebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwehadiwe kanye nalo lonke uhlelo lokusebenza, ilawula izinqubo okufanele zenziwe, ukwabiwa kwememori, njll. Nokho, i-Linux ayilona uhlelo lokusebenza oluphelele, ingxenye nje esebenzisa i-Android njengesisekelo. Kepha akuyona i-vanilla Linux kernel, kunalokho baye bayisebenzisa njengesisekelo sokuyilungisa futhi bayivumelanise namadivayisi ashumekiwe.
- I-Distro noma ukusatshalaliswa: Uma bekhuluma nge-distro, ngokuvamile babhekisela ohlelweni oluphelele olusekelwe ku-Linux lapho amanye amaphakheji afakwe ngaphambili engeziwe, njengabahleli bombhalo, isiphequluli sewebhu, izidlali zomculo, indawo yedeskithophu, njll. Futhi, lokhu kusiletha kwelinye ithemu, futhi leyo uhlelo lwe-GNU/Linux, njengoba sike sasho ngaphambili, i-Linux kanjalo ayilona uhlelo oluphelele lokusebenza. I-GNU ibeka uchungechunge lwamathuluzi okungenye ingxenye ehlanganiswe ne-Linux eqedela uhlelo lokusebenza.
Lokho kusho, siyakuthola lokho I-Android akuyona i-GNU/Linux distro njengoba abaningi becabanga, kodwa baye baqeda i-GNU futhi bagcina i-Linux kernel ukwenza uhlobo lwe-"Frankenstein" nezinye izingxenye ezithuthukiswe kusukela ekuqaleni noma kwamanye amaphrojekthi ukuze kuqedelwe uhlelo lokusebenza lwamadivayisi eselula.
Ngamafuphi, I-Android isuselwe ku-Linux kernel. Akukho ukungabaza ngalokhu. Impikiswano ilula ukuyivikela njengokuya kuhlelo lokusebenza Lwezilungiselelo ku-smartphone noma kuthebulethi yakho, bese ubheka inketho ethi Mayelana nedivayisi noma Ulwazi Lwesistimu, lapho uzobona khona ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Linux kernel kubonakala. Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi iyi-Linux isebenzisa itheminali enezimpande noma ezingenayo, upheqa uhla lwemibhalo yayo, ubheka ukubusa kwayo noma usebenzisa imiyalo efanayo ongayisebenzisa kutheminali yokusabalalisa kwe-GNU/Linux.
izinhlobo ze-android
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokho kunezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-Android:
- Iphrojekthi ye-Android Open Source (AOSP) okuyiphrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile enakekelwa yi-Google futhi evulekele noma ubani ukuthi ayisebenzise. Le phrojekthi futhi ihlanganisa i-GMS eyaziwa kakhulu noma i-Google Mobile Services, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Google, ama-API, njll.
- Ezinye izinhlobo ze-Android yibo abasebenzisa i-AOSP njengesisekelo, kodwa umphakathi wabathuthukisi uyabashintsha ukuze bathole okuthile okuhluke kancane, okufana ne-LineageOS, phakathi kwamanye amaphrojekthi amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amasistimu e-Android afinyelela ngempela kumsebenzisi wokugcina lapho ethenga idivayisi yeselula enalolu hlelo lokusebenza, futhi asekelwe ku-AOSP, kodwa abakhiqizi abawashintshayo ngokwengeza izendlalelo zokwenza ngokwezifiso (i-UI), kumele nazo zifakwe lapha. ikhodi, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza noma amasevisi (eziningi ezine-GMS, ezinye, njenge-Huawei, esikhundleni salezo ezibizwa nge-HMS yazo, ukugwema ukuvinjwa okubekwe yi-US enkampanini yaseShayina).
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba akuzona kuphela izinhlelo ze-Android ezilungiswe ngesisekelo se-AOSP, kodwa izibuyekezo abazithola nge-OTA nazo ziqondile kuzo, futhi azifani ncamashi nalezo ezitholwe yi-AOSP. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-AOSP kernel ayifani ne-kernel yamanye ama-Android. Isibonelo, esimweni sezinhlelo ezithile zamahhala, okwenziwe ukukhipha yonke i-firmware nama-blobs kanambambili ku-kernel ukuze kube yi-100% isofthiwe yamahhala. Nakuba ekwakhiweni komkhiqizi, ngokuvamile okwenziwayo ukufaka izishayeli noma i-firmware edingekayo emisebenzini ethile noma izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezithile zedivayisi, kanye nokwengeza izendlalelo zangokwezifiso kusixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi esinemifanekiso, njll.
Ingabe i-Android iyi-distro ye-GNU/Linux?
Impendulo lapha icacile: CHA. Futhi izimpikiswano okufanele zibe luhlaza kangangokuthi akukona ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux kucace bha:
- I-Android ayisebenzisi i-GNU: Uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga izici ezihlukile ukuze lusebenze kumadivayisi eselula. Ngakho-ke, uchungechunge lwezinguquko lwenziwe ku-vanilla Linux kernel ekhishwa ku-kernel.org nezinye izingxenye ezengeziwe nazo zifakiwe ezingaveli kuphrojekthi ye-GNU efana ne-distros, kodwa ziyimitapo yolwazi, ama-API, namathuluzi. asuselwa kakhulu ku-BSD noma abhalwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngiqonde ukuthi, yilokho engangikuqonde lapho ngithi iFrankenstein, njengoba ixuba iLinux ne-BSD, okuyenza ifane ne-iOS/iPadOS kune-distro evamile. Eqinisweni, abathuthukisi be-Android baziwa ngokusebenzisa umtapo C wangokwezifiso obizwa nge-Bionic njengomtapo wezincwadi wabo oyinhloko we-C esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-GNU C Library. Ngisho ne-Android isebenzisa i-FAT njengohlelo lwefayela, isistimu ye-Microsoft futhi exhunywe emhlabeni weWindows.
- Ayikwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Linux ku-Android nangokuphambene: Enye into ehlukanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU/Linux ku-Android ukuthi awukwazi ukusebenzisa isofthiwe yomdabu ye-distro ku-Android, futhi awukwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ze-Android ku-Linux distro. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo noma ama-emulators azodingeka ukuze ukwazi ukukwenza, njengalezo ezenziwe ku-ChromeOS, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Google yama-Chromebook nayo esekelwe ku-Linux, kodwa okungeyona i-GNU/Linux distro kanjalo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android zibhalwe nge-Java, futhi zidinga amalabhulali nesikhathi sokusebenza esiqondene ne-Android, ngakho-ke azisebenzi kwamanye amasistimu okusebenza nakuba zinesisekelo esifanayo.
- Imodeli yokuthuthukisa i-AOSP nayo ikhethekile: Futhi ukuthi i-AOSP ingumkhiqizo ophethwe yi-Google, ngakho-ke i-Google ngokwayo enquma isiqondiso lapho inkundla izoyithatha. Futhi, ikhodi yomthombo ye-AOSP itholakala kuphela uma ikhishwa, kodwa inguqulo elandelayo noma ukukhishwa kwe-AOSP kugcinwa kuyimfihlo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasebenzi ngaphandle kwe-Google uqobo banganikela ku-AOSP, kodwa njalo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-Google. Futhi, ilogo ye-Android nomkhiqizo kubhalisiwe futhi kungokwakwa-Google, ngakho akekho ongakusebenzisa kumaphrojekthi aphuma kokunye ngaphandle kwemvume ye-Google. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kuma-Linux distros, amaningi awo athuthukiswa ngokukhululeka umphakathi, noma izinkampani ezifana neCanonical, SUSE, njll., ezingafihli ikhodi yomthombo yokukhishwa kwazo okuzayo.
- I-GUI: I-Android ine-GUI yayo ku-AOSP, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi amabhrendi amaningi asebenzisa isendlalelo sawo sokusebenzisana ukuze aguqule isixhumi esibonakalayo esiyisisekelo futhi asinikeze izici ezintsha noma izinguquko kuzilungiselelo. Lokhu kunjalo nge-Samsung nge-OneUI yayo, i-Huawei ne-EMUI yayo, i-Xiaomi ne-MIUI yayo, i-OnePLus OxygenOS, i-Oppo ColorOS, njll. Lokhu kuphinde kwehluke nge-GNU/Linux distros, njengoba izindawo zedeskithophu zingezona ezobunikazi futhi i-GNU/Linux kanjalo ayinayo i-GUI yayo (yize i-GNOME manje isiyingxenye ye-GNU, kodwa ayizange ithathwe njengendawo yedeskithophu ngokuzenzakalelayo kubo bonke. distros).
- Ukwenza kube ngokwakho namalungeloQaphela: Ngenkathi i-GNU/Linux distro yenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo kakhulu ukuze ivumelane nokuthandayo, kanye nokuba namalungelo ezimpande uma uwadinga, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android inomkhawulo kakhulu. Eqinisweni, umsebenzisi wesistimu yokusebenza akayena umlawuli wesistimu, angasebenzisa kuphela uhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza zalo, kodwa akanakho ukulawula phezu kwalo. Yingakho abaningi benquma ukuqeda uhlelo, ukuze bathole lawo malungelo abavumela ukuthi bafinyelele ukulawula okugcwele.
- Platform: ngenkathi i-Linux kernel itholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo (x86, ARM, PPC, SPARC, RISC-V,…), i-Android kernel yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukusebenza nge-ARM, nakuba kukhona nenguqulo ye-x86 ongayifaka kuyo. amadivaysi athile afana ne-nettops. Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlanganisa i-AOSP ungayenzela lezo zinkundla ezimbili kuphela, hhayi kwabanye, ngaphandle uma kunguwe olungisa i-kernel ukuze ivumelane nenkundla entsha.
Manje kuzokucacela kancane ukuthi iyini i-Android nokuthi yini engeyona i-Android. Ungakhohlwa ukuphawula...